Herb Garden

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

Cognitive Enhancement and Focus
Ginkgo biloba is primarily utilized for its ability to enhance cognitive function, particularly regarding attention span, memory consolidation, and speed of information processing. The standardized extract (often referred to as EGb 761) has been shown to improve the speed of attention and quality of memory in healthy adults. [1,2] The mechanism is largely attributed to the synergistic action of flavone glycosides and terpene lactones, which improve cholinergic transmission and protect neuronal membranes. [3] Furthermore, single doses have been observed to modulate brain wave activity (increasing alpha wave activity), suggesting a state of "alert relaxation" conducive to sustained focus. [4]

Cerebral Circulation and Neuroprotection
A critical factor in maintaining focus is adequate cerebral blood flow. Ginkgo acts as a vasodilator and reduces blood viscosity by antagonizing platelet-activating factor (PAF). [5] This results in increased perfusion to the brain and extremities, enhancing oxygen and glucose utilization by neurons. [6] Beyond circulation, Ginkgo demonstrates potent neuroprotective properties. It acts as a free-radical scavenger, protecting the brain from oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, which are often accelerated during periods of high cognitive demand or mental fatigue. [7,8]

Mood and Stress Modulation
While primarily known for memory, Ginkgo also exhibits adaptogenic-like qualities regarding stress and anxiety. Studies have indicated that Ginkgo can inhibit the rise of corticosteroids (stress hormones) during stressful situations. [9] In clinical trials involving subjects with generalized anxiety, Ginkgo extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety scores compared to placebo. [10] This reduction in background anxiety is beneficial for a "focus" product, as it removes emotional distractors that impede concentration.

Toxicity and Safety
Ginkgo is generally regarded as safe and well-tolerated when used at standard therapeutic doses (120mg–240mg daily). [11] Toxicity studies in rats have shown low acute toxicity, with LD50 values exceeding 5000 mg/kg. [12] However, due to its anti-platelet activity, it is contraindicated in individuals taking blood-thinning medications (e.g., warfarin) or those with bleeding disorders. [13] Unlike Saint Mary’s Thistle, Ginkgo is generally not recommended during pregnancy or lactation due to a lack of safety data and potential anti-platelet effects in the infant. [14]